After having expounded on the intellect that G-d granted us to fulfill His
wishes and to thus grow close to Him, Ibn Pakudah now points out something
else.
It’s that not only are we capable of drawing close to G-d with our minds. We
can also do that by means of the Torah which He transmitted to us
prophetically through Moses, and by means of the oral traditions passed down
by the prophets and elaborated upon by our sages.
For as is known, the Torah and all its accouterments derives from a series of
prophetic revelations, starting with Moses’ at Mount Sinai, onward to the
revelations attained by the later prophets which were then passed on to the
sages, who then gingerly expanded upon those traditions to suit the needs of
time, place, and individual.
But the Torah tradition itself can be broken down into two elements: what G-d
bids us to do physically and manifestly to draw close to Him, and what He
asks us to do *within*, in our hearts and minds. And each touches upon a
category of mitzvot.
The more manifest kinds of mitzvot can also be broken down into two kinds:
perfectly logical ones (like not stealing or committing adultery, and the
like), and not at all logical ones (like not eating meat with milk, not
wearing wool and linen together, and the like). We’ll find, though, that the
duties of the heart will all prove to be quite logical and explicable.
We’ll also find that in both “camps”-- physical, manifest mitzvot and inner
ones-- there are imperatives (things we’re charged to do) and prohibitions
(things we’re charged *not* to do).
Now, the various imperatives and prohibitions connected with physical mitzvot
are well known, so we needn’t delve into them here. Instead, our task will be
to lay out the *inner* imperatives and prohibitions, since they’re less
known. And we’ll in fact be doing that in the course of this whole work.
In short, though, inner imperatives include: believing that the world has a
Creator who created it from nothing and is utterly unique; accepting His
Oneness; serving Him in your heart; reflecting on His wondrous creations;
trusting Him; surrendering yourself to Him; fearing Him; dreading and being
abashed before Him knowing that He observes you both outside and in; yearning
to fulfil His wishes; dedicating your deeds to His Name; and loving Him and
those who themselves love Him.
And inner prohibitions would touch on making sure we don’t engage in the
opposite of the above (by not believing in a Creator, not believing Him to be
One, etc.), as well as not coveting; not acting out of vengeance or bearing a
grudge; not contemplating sin, yearning to commit one, and deciding to commit
one, and the like.
Needless to say, G-d alone knows if we’re successful or not in our inner
devotions. For only He can read our hearts. In fact, that will prove to be a
major factor in the duties of the heart. Since engaging in them usually wins
us no favor with others (as more external mitzvot might, which we might
“impress” others with). They only win us favor in G-d’s eyes, and thus
they’re uniquely able to draw us close to Him.
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