Rabbi Frand on Parshas Yisro
These divrei Torah were adapted from the hashkafa portion of Rabbi
Yissocher Frand's Commuter Chavrusah Tapes on the weekly portion:
Tape # 133, Honoring In Laws. Good Shabbos!
The Prototype of Mishpat Amongst the Jewish People
The Parsha is named after Yisro, because Yisro gave Moshe Rabbeinu
good counsel. Moshe Rabbeinu had a problem - he was overwhelmed.
People lined up from morning until night to have him settle their
disputes. Moshe had no time. Yisro gave him the advice to establish a
system of courts.
Rashi, on the words "And it was on the next day" [Shmos 18:13], says
that this was the day after Yom Kippur -- the day Moshe descended
from the mountain, following receipt of the second copy of the Ten
Commandments (the first copy having been destroyed by Moshe following
the sin of the Golden Calf).
Rav Yosef Dov HaLevi Soloveitchik quotes the following principle: every
time we find the expression "And it was on the next day" (Vayehi
m'mochoras) in the Torah, the Torah is trying to contrast or connect
the two days. Either something terrible happened on the previous day
and the Torah is indicating that the next day was better, or something
tremendous happened on the previous day and the Torah is indicating that
the next day was infused with the spirit of the previous day.
In Shmos 32:30 (immediately after the sin of the Golden Calf), we
find an example of a terrible event happening the first day: "On
the next day Moshe said to the people, 'You have committed a grievous
sin!'..." In our situation it is just the reverse -- "On the next
day" refers to the day after a wonderful day -- the first Yom Kippur.
On that next day, Moshe sat in judgment of the people.
The Torah is trying to tell us that there is a connection between
the first day of judgment -- the first day in Jewish history where
people went for dinei Torah (decisions from a Rabbinical Court) -- and
the Day of Atonement. What is the significance of this connection?
Rav Soloveitchik described the mood of the people on that day: they
had committed the terrible sin of worshipping the Golden Calf, and they
did not know whether they would ever be forgiven. Moshe Rabbeinu
descended from the mountain on that very first Yom Kippur and told them
in the name of G-d "I have forgiven, as you have requested" [Bamidbar
14:20].
The people realized that there is forgiveness, there is atonement;
each of them felt like a new person. Imagine the mood that the people
must have felt -- there was relief, good feeling, peace, brotherhood,
and generosity. Everyone felt wonderful.
When people went into court with their litigants on that next day,
they did not feel stingy, combative, and antagonistic. They felt open
and giving, and friendly and compromising. They went into Mishpat
(judgement) suffused with the spirit of the previous day -- the day
of "I have forgiven, as you have requested." The Torah is telling us
that if this is the way the first Mishpat was done among the Jewish
people, then this is the prototype for how Mishpat must always be
done among the Jewish people.
What difference does it make? Can one really feel that way when he
steps into a courtroom? There is a difference. In Jewish
jurisprudence there is a settlement called Peshara (compromise).
Today, Baruch Hashem (thank G-d), people go to dinei Torah. I say
'Baruch Hashem' because years ago no one went to dinei Torah -- they
went to secular court, which is usually prohibited. Today we have
sincere, religious Jews, who when they have a dispute with a neighbor
or a business partner they don't run to court -- they run to a Din
Torah.
The first thing the Dayan asks when one comes to a Din Torah is "Do
you want Din or Pershara?" [Sanhedrin 7a] Do you want me to rule
based on Choshen Mishpat (the section of the Code of Jewish Law
covering financial transactions), telling you who is right and who
is wrong, with an absolute winner and an absolute loser -- in which no
consideration is given to a person's honor or financial condition? Or
do you want me to find an arbitrated compromise so that everyone can
walk out a winner?
The Talmud [Sanhedrin 6b] paskens (rules) -- and this is codified by
the Rambam and the Shulchan Aruch -- that the preferred method is to
compromise (Mitzvah livtzoah). Why? Because of the above-mentioned
teaching -- among the Jewish people compromise is not extra-judicial.
This is not equivalent to the secular concept of "settling out of
court". Settling out of court is not the domain of the jurist. The
jurist in American law is not the humanist. In American law, Rabbi
Soloveitchik notes, they are two totally distinct personalities.
The Jewish Dayan is also the compassionate Judge. He is also the
mensch, the humanist. He worries about the poor person who comes
before him and how he will leave the court, and advises both parties
to compromise. The reason for all this is that Judgment originated in
Klal Yisroel on that special morrow following the first Yom Kippur --
when a spirit of generosity, compromise, and forgiving was prevalent
in the nation.
It should be this way for all generations as well. Dinei Torah should
always be approached by searching for a way that both parties can
emerge as winners, not one a winner and one a loser.
Having Patience For One's Parents
The fifth of the Ten Commandments is the command "Honor your father
and your mother, in order that your days be lengthened on the land
that I am giving to you" [Shmos 20:12]. In Parshas Veschanan we a
slight addition to the language used in this command -- we have the
qualification "as the L-rd your G-d commanded you" [Devorim 5:16].
Rav Meir Simcha in Parshas Veschanan explains the meaning of the
phrase "as the L-rd your G-d commanded you". The Jerusalem Talmud
calls honoring one's parents an "easy commandment" -- comparing it to
the payment of a debt. If someone would provide me with a check for
$100,000 - $200,000 -- the amount it costs today to raise a child --
of course I would feel a debt to that person and would feel obligated
to honor him or her.
The Torah however tells us that is not the proper approach to
honoring parents. Rather, one's parents should be honored "as G-d
commanded you". When did G-d command us to honor our parents? When we
were in the Wilderness. Raising children in the Wilderness was a
dream. There was no need to go shopping or to spend money on the
children. Food? Manna fell daily. Clothes? "Your clothes did not wear
out from upon you" [Devorim 8:4]. Most likely, everyone in the
Wilderness had straight teeth as well. It was Paradise!
The Torah tell us that Honoring Parents is an obligation, not because
they gave the kids 200,000 dollars, not because they put the kids
through law school, but even if all they did was bring the children
into the world -- as it was when the command was given in the
Wilderness -- that alone is enough of a reason to honor our parents.
There is a famous Gemara in Kiddushin [31a] that many of us have
heard, but I recently saw a different insight into this Gemara. Rav
Eliezer was asked, "How far does honoring one's Parents extend?" He
related the famous story of the gentile, Dama son of Nesinah in
Ashkelon, who turned down an offer to purchase a precious stone
because the key to the chest where it was stored was under his
father's pillow. He passed up a tremendous profit so as not to disturb
his father's sleep.
On a simple level, this Gemara seems to be teaching us that we learn
the parameters of the mitzvah of Honoring One's Parents from Dama son
of Nesinah. The Avnei Shoham however says that this is not what the
Gemara is telling us. We are not learning halachos (Jewish law) from
Dama son of Nesinah - we are learning human nature from him.
When children are born, parents must have patience with them. But
there comes a time in life when children have to have patience with
their parents. There comes a time in life when parents become what
can be perceived as a burden. Parents become old; they sometimes
become demanding. One needs to have patience when relating to
parents.
One can ask -- is there not a limit to patience? How much patience is
required? How much patience is a human being capable of? Is there not
a point where it becomes too much of a burden to 'get along' with
one's parents, where one has a right to 'run out of patience'?
The Gemara says "come and see the case of the gentile in Ashkelon".
Dama the Akum is not teaching us a mitzvah -- he is teaching
us human nature. Imagine the patience that Dama must have had. The
Sages were at the door, certified check in hand. He was waiting and
thinking, "When will Dad wake up?" "Maybe I'll make a little noise
and he'll wake up." "Maybe I'll just sneak under the pillow..." How
much patience did he have? This is what he is teaching us -- the human
capacity for having patience for a parent.
If a human being is capable of such patience, then that level of
patience is possible within human nature and consequently it becomes
the definition of the extent of our mitzvah.
The Avnei Shoham goes on to say a beautiful insight into this Gemara.
When the Rabbis use the expression "the keys were under his father's
pillow and he didn't bother him (lo tzi-aro)" the interpretation is
not that Dama didn't bother him, meaning his father. Rather, the
interpretation is "lo tzi-aro," it didn't bother him, Dama himself,
that he had to pass up a great profit by not waking his father. He had
such patience and such respect that losing this great sum did not even
bother him -- he didn't even try to wake his father up.
If Dama the Akum is capable of this, then we -- the descendants of
Avraham, Yitzchak, and Yakov -- certainly should not only aspire to
this, but this becomes our obligation.
Personalities & Sources:
Rashi -- (1040-1105) Rav Shlomo ben Yitzchak; Troyes and Worms,
France. "Father of all Torah Commentaries".
Rav Yosef Dov Soloveitchik -- (1903-1993) Rosh Yeshiva of Yeshivas Rav
Yitzchak Elchanan, New York; Rabbi in
Boston; scion of Brisk Torah dynasty.
Rav Meir Simcha -- (1843-1926); Dvinsk; author of Meshech Chochmah
commentary on Chumash and Or Sameach on the
Rambam's Mishneh Torah.
Avnei Shoham -- Rav Moshe Leib Shachor -- Israeli Torah scholar.
Glossary
din(ei) Torah -- court case(s) based on Torah law
mishpat -- judgment
paskens -- issues a ruling according to Jewish law
Baruch Hashem -- G-d be blessed
bnei Torah -- Torah learned and observant individuals (literally sons
of Torah)
dayan -- judge in a Din Torah
Choshen Mishpat -- One of the four sections of Shulchan Aruch (Code
of Jewish Law), dealing with monetary matters.
mensch -- (Yiddish) human being
halachos -- Torah laws
This week's write-up is adapted from the hashkafa portion of Rabbi
Yissochar Frand's Commuter Chavrusah Torah Tapes on the weekly Torah
portion #133. The corresponding halachic portion for this tape is:
Honoring In Laws. The other halachic portions for
Parsha Yisro from the Commuter Chavrusah Series are:
Also Available: Mesorah / Artscroll has published a collection
of Rabbi Frand's essays. The book is entitled:
